Journal: Viruses

Article Title: High Throughput Manufacturing of Bacteriophages Using Continuous Stirred Tank Bioreactors Connected in Series to Ensure Optimum Host Bacteria Physiology for Phage Production

doi: 10.3390/v10100537

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic showing layout of the continuous phage production process, which was a three-stage continuous stirred tank system with bioreactors connected in series: the first reactor (Bioreactor 1, R1) had a fixed working volume of 500 mL, the second reactor (Bioreactor 2, R2) had variable working volumes ranging from 33 mL to 100 mL, thereby permitting different dilution rates (D 2 ) for phage production using the same flow rate through the process, and the third reactor (Bioreactor 3, R3) was operated as a semi-batch reactor. Host E. coli were propagated in R1; the working volume was controlled using a level control system. The T3 infection of bacteria occurred in R2, which was fed with host bacteria continuously from R1. R2 was operated below the dilution rate where phage washout would occur; hence, steady-state operation allowed the phage population to be continuously maintained in R2. Phage-infected cells and free-floating phage were continuously withdrawn from R2 to R3 (flow rate synchronized with R1 using a level control system on R2) where multiple cycles of infection resulted in further phage amplification and completion of the phage production process.

Article Snippet: An obligately lytic E. coli phage T3 (belonging to the Podoviridae family, ATCC11303-B3) and bacterial host E. coli (ATCC 11303) were used for the study.

Techniques: Control, Infection, Bacteria, Amplification

Journal: Viruses

Article Title: High Throughput Manufacturing of Bacteriophages Using Continuous Stirred Tank Bioreactors Connected in Series to Ensure Optimum Host Bacteria Physiology for Phage Production

doi: 10.3390/v10100537

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( a ) Filled circles (●) represent the concentration of host bacterial cells in R1, and filled squares (■) represent the host bacterial cell productivity in reactor 1 (R1), which are plotted as a function of different dilution rates in R1. ( b ) Host growth rate data fitted with Monod kinetics (3) linearized as a Lineweaver–Burk plot; the slope of the line is K m /µ m , the y-intercept is 1/ µ m , the linear least squares fit yielded values of K m (1.5 g L −1 ) and µ m (1 hr −1 ). ( c ) Glucose conversion as a function of dilution rates in R1. The black filled circles (●) represent the percentage of glucose (compared with the inlet substrate concentration to R1) consumed by E. coli to produce new cells. The residence time in R1 was controlled using the dilution rate D 1 . Error bars represent one standard deviation.

Article Snippet: An obligately lytic E. coli phage T3 (belonging to the Podoviridae family, ATCC11303-B3) and bacterial host E. coli (ATCC 11303) were used for the study.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Biochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) Seeds: A Review

doi: 10.3390/biom12111626

Figure Lengend Snippet: A summary of biological activities of date seeds.

Article Snippet: Jassim and colleagues (2010) found that the antiviral activity of DSEs against lytic Pseudomonas phage ATCC 14209-B1 led to inhibition of the infectivity of Pseudomonas phage ATCC 14209-B1 to P. aeruginosa , reduction of the phage function, and disruption of the bacterial lysis [ ].

Techniques: Inhibition, Bacteria, Infection, Lysis, Antioxidant Activity Assay, FRAP Assay, DPPH Assay, Clinical Proteomics, Activity Assay, Starch, Enzyme Inhibition Assay, Control, Injection, Expressing

Journal: Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology

Article Title: Bioactivity and Pharmacological Potential of Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) Against Pandemic COVID-19: a Comprehensive Review

doi: 10.1007/s12010-022-03952-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antimicrobial properties of date palm extracts

Article Snippet: Phoenix dactylifera extracts were significant in inhibiting the contagion of lytic Pseudomonas phage ATCC 14,209-B1 to P. aeruginosa due to its interactive mechanism of action through phage binding to the host bacterium [ ].

Techniques: Activity Assay, Bacteria, Comparison, Marker